The hamlets that form the Shirakawa-go World Cultural Heritage site suffer from very harsh winters with heavy snow falls due to the climate and their geographical position within the mountains. This has led the people to lead a lifestyle unlike that of most other regions. It is one which continues on to the present day. Here, the so-called Gassho thatched-roof houses with their steep roofs set like hands held together in prayer line the streets. They were designated as Nationally Important Traditional Buildings in 1976 and as part of the World Cultural Heritage Site of Shirakawa-go and Gokayama in 1995.
かつては、岐阜県の西北部に位置し東西南北を山や峠に囲まれているという土地柄ゆえに、秘境中の秘境であった集落でした。
Due to the hamlets being surrounded by mountains way up in the secluded northwestern corner of the prefecture, it was considered to be one of the prefectures best kept secrets.
白川の地に受け継がれてきた「結」と呼ばれる地域的合力組織は、こうした厳しい地域的状況の中で生まれた相互扶助の精神です。
「結」は、近隣の協力体制として、合掌屋根の葺き替えをはじめとした生活全般を対象としていたと言われますが、現在も屋根の葺き替え作業において受け継がれています。
The isolation and harsh conditions gave birth to a system of mutual co-operation called “Yui”.
Through the concept of Yui, neighbors help each other at different times during their lifetime. It is most pronounced, however, at times when the houses need re-roofing. Even today, one can see the whole village come out to help on the day of re-roofing a thatched house.
現在では、国道などの整備により、多数の観光客らが世界遺産「白川郷」を訪れるようになりました。そのような中、昔ながらの家屋を維持していくことは容易ではないと思われます。しかし、地域の住民や関係者たちは、1971年より集落保存を掲げた住民憲章を定めて保存会を組織するなど、集落保存に積極的に取り組んでいます。ここにも「結」の精神が息づいていると考えられます。
Currently, road conditions have improved, and more and more tourists are making their way to the World Heritage Site of Shirakawa-go. It was thought that, with these changes, it would be difficult to maintain the old houses and the indigenous culture. A People's Charter was therefore formed in 1971 so as to actively preserve the village. It is believed that the spirit of “Yui” is alive here, too.
この地は、冬季の積雪が厳しく、山や峠に囲まれている孤立した土地柄でした。こうした気候・風土の特徴から、特有の生活文化が形成されてきました。例えば、合掌造り家屋は、風の抵抗を弱めるため、妻(屋根の側面)を南北に向けて建てられ、屋根は、積雪に備えて約60度の急勾配にされています。また、「結」と呼ばれる相互扶助の精神をもった地域的合力組織も、厳しい地域的状況の中で育まれてきたものともいえます。こうした生活文化を守るため、地域の人々は、1971年より住民憲章を定め「白川郷・荻町の自然環境を守る会」を組織し、今日まで、集落保存に積極的に取り組んでいます。
The locality and topography have also influenced the design of the houses. For example, the houses are built facing north and south so as to weaken wind resistance, and the steeply pitched roof (of up to 60 degrees) is a safeguard against heavy snow accumulating. Again, “Yui” plays a role during difficult times, and in order to perverse the distinct culture, “The Committee for Preservation of Shirakawa-go and Ogi Town and its Environs” was established.
その白川郷荻町合掌造り集落の北端に位置し、白川村に現存する最大規模の合掌造り家屋が和田家です。白川郷が世界文化遺産に登録された1995年12月に国の重要文化財指定をうけました。和田家の代々の当主は、江戸期には名主・組頭を勤め、明治期には初代村長に選ばれています。つまり、和田家は、白川郷合掌造り集落の歴史を色濃く刻んできた存在であるといえます。
Amongst the houses in the northern part of the hamlet of Ogi is the Wada Mansion, one of the largest examples of a Gassho-style house. The Wada Mansion was designated as an Important National Cultural Asset in December, 1995, at the time when Shirakawa-go was designated as a World Cultural Heritage Site. The head of the Wada Household, as inherited down from generation to generation, was the leader of the village during the Edo Period (1603–1868), and was chosen as the first village mayor in the Meiji Era (1868-1911). In short, the Wada Family’s presence is indispensable when discussing a history of Shirakawa-go.
和田家は、茅葺切妻合掌造りで、桁行12間(約22m)、梁間7間(約13m)。建築年代は明らかではありませんが、同家の過去帳に、1758年(宝暦8)の記録がみられることから約300年前と推測されます。
The Wada house is a two-storey building with a sharp gable roof, known in Japanese as the Kirizuma style. The length of the ridge is 22m (12 mats long), and the span of the gable is 13m (7 mats long). Although the generation head of the house cannot give a definite date of construction, old documents dating from 1758 suggest that the house is about 300 years old.
また、和田家は、代々名主・組頭を勤めた家柄で、江戸時代には荻町から越中の間の関所であった牛首口留番所の役人を勤め、さらに、焔硝(火薬の材料)の製造取引によって富を得るなど、政治的にも経済的にも大きな力を有していました。このことは、同家の内部が、江戸時代には役人など貴賓専用であったとみられる式台つきの「ゲンカン」や客室として利用された「オクノデイ」の書院造りなど全体的に格式をもった造作がなされていることにもあらわれています。
Furthermore, for many generations, the head of the Wada Family was the government representative in charge of the checkpoint (called Kuchidome-bansho) between Ogi Village and Etchu Province (present-day Toyama). This noble family also held the power to regulate production of gunpowder, thus bringing the family wealth. The glorious history of the Wada household stands out even by today’s standards, with such things as an extra entrance that was used only by Edo officials and distinguished guests; one set with a raised wooden floor that led to a specially styled and decorated guest room.
現在は、「国指定重要文化財和田家」として、実際に居住しながら、一部を一般公開し、博物館としても機能しています。
現在、指定をうけている和田家の文化財は表の通りですが、主屋の「ゲンカン」や「オクノデイ」、牛小屋・便所・物置に分かれている便所小屋など、いずれも希少な建物です。
At present, the house functions in the capacity of the family home as well as being a “Nationally Designated Important Cultural Asset” while, at the same time, allowing parts of the house to be viewed by visitors and thereby playing the role of a cultural museum.
Within the grounds places that are rare and of particular interest include: the special entrance called “Genkan”, the special guest rooms called “Okunodei”, the cow shed, the privy, the storeroom, and a shed with three partitions that was used to store body waste.
表 和田家文化財 ※2017年5月現在 |
種類 | 指定名称 | 建物名称 | 指定年月日 |
国 重要文化財 | 和田家住宅 | 主屋 | 平成7年 12月26日 |
国 重要文化財 | 和田家住宅 | 土蔵 | 平成7年 12月26日 |
国 重要文化財 | 和田家住宅 | 便所 | 平成7年 12月26日 |
県 重要文化財 | 稲架小屋 | 稲架小屋 | 昭和47年 1月11日 |
県 重要文化財 | 板蔵 | 板蔵 | 昭和47年 1月11日 |
The table of the Wada Museum's Cultural Assets ※updated in May 2017 |
Type | Designated title | Name of Building | Date of designation |
National Important Cultural Asset | Wada Mansion | Main house | December 26th, 1995 |
National Important Cultural Asset | Wada Mansion | Storehouse | December 26th, 1995 |
National Important Cultural Asset | Wada Mansion | Privy | December 26th, 1995 |
Prefectural Important Cultural Asset | Haseka-goya | Storehouse to dry rice plants | January 11th, 1972 |
Prefectural Important Cultural Asset | Ita-gura | Storehouse for agricultural tools and to keep thatch for re-roofing | January 11th, 1972 |
また、建物の他にも、和田家で代々使用されてきた漆器類や養蚕用具、牛首口留番所や焔硝関係の資料など、その生活に関わりの深い資料類が数多く所蔵されています。
In addition to the buildings, there are many items in the house that tell of the long and glorious history of the family, such as examples of lacquer-ware and tools used by the Wada family for sericulture, old documents from the Kuchidome-bansho checkpoint station and papers concerning gun powder production.